martes, 13 de mayo de 2008

Anne Chapman

Ayer fui a la conferencia de Anne Chapman, la antropóloga franco-americana que ha investigado desde los años 60 a los pueblos extintos de Tierra del Fuego, sobre el rapto de los Kaweskar en 1881 y de los Selknam en 1889.

Todo esto, en el Centro cultural Palacio de la Moneda.

Les resumo: En Punta Arenas, en la isla grande, fueron secuestrados por un cazador de focas, un grupo de 11 indígenas Kaweskar (o Alacalufes). Se dice que fue un secuestro porque ellos no tenían la mayor idea de lo que estaban haciendo. Lo más probable es que desde sus canoas, este cazador de focas alemán los haya subido a su barco.

El alemanote los llevó a Europa. Estuvieron en un "zoológico de aclimatación” en dónde estaban expuestos frente al público, igual que animales. Varios antropólogos estudiaron sus comportamientos y elaboraron una serie de hipótesis para explicar porqué estos indígenas eran inferiores a los demás seres humanos “evolucionados” como nosotros.

Las hipótesis eran de lo más absurdas –todas fueron rechazadas, sin llegar a consenso- y hablaban de que los indígenas debían ser inferiores por su capacidad craneana, por la longitud de sus extremidades, por la forma de utilizar las manos y por la falta de curiosidad…todas ideas absurdas y –por supuesto- erradas.

Lo más gracioso era que mientras sostenían una hipótesis, los medían y los analizaban, sacando resultados no sólo insuficientes sino que además, absolutamente opuestos a lo que pensaban. Sus brazos no eran más largos –y más parecidos a los monos- como ellos creían sino que, por el contrario, eran incluso más cortos que los del hombre moderno. Incluso el tema de la curiosidad fue cuestionado más tarde por uno de los antropólogos, ya que la curiosidad tiene relación con el interés, y eso es relativo. Lo más probable es que nada de lo que ellos estaban viviendo les llamaba la atención, no así las cosas que se sucedían en sus vidas cotidianas en el sur de Chile, que de seguro, eran fenómenos naturales.

Al final, para resumir, muchos de ellos murieron durante el viaje por Europa, por enfermedades desconocidas para ellos, como la peste.

La historia de los secuestros de los Selknam es aún más terrible, porque dadas las características de esta cultura –no eran canoeros, sino cazadores recolectores de tierra firme- cabe suponer que la captura tiene que haber sido precedida por escenas de violencia, en dónde ellos, con sus arcos y flechas, poco podían hacer para defenderse.

Todo lo demás es similar a la historia anterior. También fueron sometidos a exposición pública, sólo que en este caso, no fueron seguidos por antropólogos, por lo que no existen mayores detalles ni estudios sobre esta experiencia.

Anne Chapman es una mujer que ha dedicado gran parte de su vida al estudio antropológico de pueblos en México y Chile. Tiene historia de sobra como para que puedan investigar más sobre ella y lo que hace. La exposición llamada “Testigo del Fin de un Mundo: Anne Chapman y los pueblos extintos de Tierra del Fuego” está desde el 7 de mayo en el Centro Cultural Palacio La Moneda. ¡Vayan a verla!

15 comentarios:

Anónimo dijo...

Ale.. cuatico!
Yo fuí a ver la exposición, me pareció buenisima. Sin embargo dan ganas de haber vivdo en esos tiempos y haber echo algún aporte a la cultura... que se puede descubrir ahora?
Me quede cone sa interrogante
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